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¡@¡@ÁöµM¹CÀ¸©Mª±¨ã¹ï¨àµ£¦¨ªøªº­«­n©Ê¤w¤éº¥¨ü¨ìÃöª`¡A¤£¤Ö¤H¹ï¹CÀ¸¤´µM¦³µÛ­t­±ªºµû»ù¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¤¤°ê¶Ç²Î»{¬°¡u¶Ô¦³¥\¡AÀ¸µL¯q¡v¡C¤£¹L¡A¹ï¹CÀ¸«ù¦³¥¿­±ªºµû»ùªº¤H¤h«o»{¬°¹CÀ¸¬O¥i¥H¥[²K¥Í¬¡±¡½ì¡A§ó¥iµÎ½w¥Í¬¡©Ò±a¨Óªººò±i±¡ºü¡C§Y¨Ï¾ÇªÌ¤Î¤j²³¹ï¡u¹CÀ¸¡vªº©w¸q¦U¦³²z¸Ñ¡A¤j²³³£»{¦P¹CÀ¸¬O·|¥O¤H´r§Öªº¡]O'Connor, 2000¡^¡C¤G¹s¹s¹s¦~¤E¤ëµoªíªº¡m­»´ä±Ð¨|¨î«×§ï­²«Øij¡n¤¤¡A«ü¥X¥®¨à±Ð¨|ªº¥Øªº¬O¡uÅý«Ä¤l­Ì¦b´I±Òµo©Ê¤Î´r§ÖªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡A¾i¦¨¿n·¥ªº¾Ç²ßºA«×»P¨}¦nªº¥Í¬¡²ßºD¡C¡v¡]Education Commission, 2000, p.32¡^

¡@¡@´r§ÖªºÀô¹Ò°£¤F¹ï¥®¨à±Ð¨|¦³µÛ¥¿­±ªº¼vÅT¥~¡A¦b¤¤¤p¾Ç±Ð¨|¤W¤]°_¤F¬Û¦Pªº§@¥Î¡C³z¹L¹CÀ¸¤£¦ý¥i¥H¦b±Ð¾Ç¤WÀç³y´r§Öªº¾Ç²ßÀô¹Ò¡A¤]¥i¥HÀ³¥Î¦b¾Ç¥Í»²¾Éªº¹Lµ{ùØ¡A²£¥Í§ó©úÅ㪺ªG®Ä¡C¦b­»´ä¡A¹CÀ¸»²¾É¥ç¶}©l³Æ¨üÃöª`¤Î±À¼s¡C¦ý¬O¡A¹CÀ¸ªºªG®Ä¦b¨ºùØ¡A¥¦¬O¦p¦óÀ³¥Î¦b¾Ç¥Í»²¾É©O¡H

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¡@¡@¦b»{ª¾¡]cognition¡^¤è­±¡APiaget¡]1962¡^«ü¥X¨àµ£­n¨ì¤j¬ù¤Q¤@·³¤~¯à¥R¤À´x´¤©â¶H©Êªº«ä¦Ò¡C¦b¦¹¥H«e¡A¨àµ£¦b«äºû¤W¤´µM°±¯d¦b¡u¹B«ä¹w³Æ´Á¡v¡]pre-operational stage¡^¡C¡u¹B«ä¹w³Æ´Á¡vªº­«¤j¤ß´¼µo®i¬Oªí¼x·Q¹³¥\¯à¡]symbolic function¡^¡G­Ó¤H¹ï©P³ò¨Æª«½á¤©©â¶H·N¸qªº¯à¤O¡C¦b³o­Ó¶¥¬q¡A«Ä¤lÁöµM¤w³vº¥¯à°Ï§O²{¹ê©M¤Û·Q¥@¬É¡A¦ý¤´¸g±`»Ý­n­É§Uª±¨ã¡A¹B¥Îªí¼x·Q¹³©Ê¹CÀ¸¡]symbolic play¡^¶D»¡¤º¤ßªº·Pı©M±¡ºü¡CPiaget»{¬°¹CÀ¸¯à¤Ï¬M¨àµ£ªº»{ª¾¯à¤O¡A¾d©T¥L­Ì©Ò¾Çªº§Þ¯à¡A§ó¯à«P¶i¥L­Ìªº»{ª¾µo®i¡CVygotsky¡]1978¡^¥ç«ü¥X¹CÀ¸¬O¥i¥Hª½±µ«P¶i¨àµ£ªº»{ª¾µo®i¡C¦]¬°±q¨àµ£ªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A·N¸q©M¹êÅé¬O¤£¥i¤À³Îªº¡C³z¹L¹CÀ¸©Mª±¨ã¡A¨àµ£ªºªí¼x·Q¹³¯à¤O¤~¥i¥H¥[¥H°ö¾i¡A¨Ã¥B¼W±j¥L­Ì¿ë§O·N¸q©M¹êÅ骺¯S©Ê¡A«P¶i¥L­Ì¹ï¨Æª«ªº²z¸Ñ¡]Johnson, Christie & Yawkey, 1994¡^¡C¥t¥~¡A¹CÀ¸¬O¨àµ£ªí¹F«ä·Q©M·N¨£ªº¤u¨ã¡C¥¦¬O¨àµ£³Ì¦ÛµMªº¨¥»y·¾³q´C¤¶¡A¥¿¦p¦¨¤H¥H¨¥»y·¾³q¤@¼Ë¡A¡]Axline, 1969¡FLandreth, 1991¡^¡C

¡@¡@¹CÀ¸¦b±¡ºü§çµo¤W¥ç¦³¨ä­«­n©Ê¡CFreud¡]1953¡^´£¥X¨àµ£¹ï¹CÀ¸¬O«D±`»{¯uªº¡A¨Ã§ë¤J¤F«Ü¦hªº±¡·P¡C¨àµ£³z¹L¹CÀ¸§ó¯à¡u¦w¥þ¦a¡v§â¦Û¤vªº±¡ºü¡u«Å¬ª¡v¡A±N¤º¤ß©Ò¾®»Eªº¯à¶q¡]psyche energy¡^§çµo¥X¨Ó¡A¤@¦pFreud©Ò´£¥Xªº±j¯P§çµo±¡·P¡]catharsis¡^ªº·§©À¡C¹CÀ¸¥ç¥i½Õ¸`«Ä¤lªº±¡ºü¡A¨ó§U¨àµ£ªvÀø¦]³Ð¶Ë©Ò±a¨Óªº­t­±±¡ºü¡CAxline¡]1969¡^«ü¥X¹CÀ¸¥i¥H¨ó§U¨àµ£ªí¹F¥L­Ìªº·P¨ü¡CGinott¡]1961¡^¶i¤@¨B»¡©ú¡A³z¹L¹CÀ¸¤¤ªºª±¨ã¡A¨àµ£¥i¥H§ó¥J²Ó¦a«ä¦Ò¥L¹ï¦Û¤v¤Î¨­Ã䪺­«­n¤Hª«ªº·P¨ü¡A¥[²`¹ï©P³ò¨Æª«ªº²z¸Ñ¡C¥t¥~¡AFrank¡]1976¡^»{¬°¨àµ£¦b¹CÀ¸¹Lµ{¤¤§ó¦³®Ä¦a¾Ç²ß©MÅé·|¡uµo²{¦Û§Ú¡v¡C

¡@¡@¹CÀ¸°£¤F¬O¨àµ£ªí¹F­Ó¤H¸gÅç©M©â¶H«ä·Qªº´C¤¶¥~¡A¦b±¡ºü§çµo¤W¥ç¦³¨ä­«­n©Ê¡CFreud¡]1953¡^´£¥X¨àµ£¹ï¹CÀ¸¬O«D±`»{¯uªº¡A¨Ã§ë¤J¤F«Ü¦hªº±¡·P¡C¤@¦pFreud©Ò´£¥Xªº±j¯P§çµo±¡·P¡]catharsis¡^ªº·§©À¡A¨àµ£³z¹L¹CÀ¸§ó¯à¡u¦w¥þ¦a¡v§â¦Û¤vªº±¡ºü¡u«Å¬ª¡v¡A±N¤º¤ß©Ò¾®»Eªº¯à¶q¡]psyche energy¡^ÄÀ©ñ¥X¨Ó¡C¹CÀ¸¥ç¥i½Õ¸`«Ä¤lªº±¡ºü¡A¨ó§U¨àµ£ªvÀø¦]³Ð¶Ë©Ò±a¨Óªº­t­±±¡ºü¡CAxline¡]1969¡^«ü¥X¹CÀ¸¥i¥H¨ó§U¨àµ£ªí¹F¥L­Ìªº·P¨ü¡CGinott¡]1961¡^¶i¤@¨B»¡©ú¡A³z¹L¹CÀ¸¤¤ªºª±¨ã¡A¨àµ£¥i¥H§ó¥J²Ó¦a«ä¦Ò¥L¹ï¦Û¤v¤Î¨­Ã䪺­«­n¤Hª«ªº·P¨ü¡A¥[²`¹ï©P³ò¨Æª«ªº²z¸Ñ¡C¥t¥~¡AFrank¡]1976¡^»{¬°¨àµ£¦b¹CÀ¸¹Lµ{¤¤§ó¦³®Ä¦a¾Ç²ß©MÅé·|¡uµo²{¦Û§Ú¡v¡C

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¡@¡@¹CÀ¸¦b¾Ç®Õ»²¾É¹Lµ{¤¤¡A³Ì­«­n¬O¥i¥HµÎ½w¤pªB¤Í·|¨£»²¾É¦Ñ®v®É©Ò¤Þµoªº¤@ªÑ¡u¤@©w¬O¥Ç¤F¹L¿ù¡vªººò±i·Pı¡]Landreth, 1983¡^¡C¦pªG»²¾É¦Ñ®vÅý¤pªB¤Í¦Û¤v¿ï¾Ü»²¾É«Ç¤ºªºª±¨ã©M¥Î¦Û¤vªº¤èªk¥hª±­A¡A¬O¥i¥H´î»´¤pªB¤Íªººò±i¡C¥t¥~¡A¦b»²¾É¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤pªB¤Í¥i¥H³z¹Lª±¨ã©M¹CÀ¸¡A¥O¦Ñ®v©ú¥Õ¡u¤pªB¤Íªº°T®§¡v¡C¹CÀ¸¦b³o­Ó®É­Ô¡A§ó¥i¥H¨ó§U»²¾É¦Ñ®v©M¤pªB¤Í«Ø¥ß¤¬«HÃö«Y¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦p«e©Ò­z¡A­n¨D¤pªB¤Í¥H¨¥»yªí¹F¤@¨Ç©â¶HªºªF¦è¦p·P¨ü¡B­Ó¤H¸gÅçµ¥¡A¬O¦³¤@©wªº§xÃøªº¡C¹CÀ¸¥¿¬O¤pªB¤Í³Ì¦ÛµMªº·¾³q¤èªk¡A¦Óª±¨ã´NÅܦ¨¥L­Ìªºµü·J¡]Axline, 1969¡FLandreth, 1991¡^¡F¤pªB¤Í³z¹L¦Û¤v©Ò¿ï¾Üªºª±¨ã§â¤@¨Ç­Ó¤H¸gÅç¸g¥Ñ¹CÀ¸ªí¹F¥X¨Ó¡C¦b¨àµ£¬°¥»ªº¹CÀ¸»²¾É¤¤¡A»²¾É¦Ñ®v©Ò»Ý­n°µªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤ÀªR¤pªB¤Íªº±¡¸`©Î±ÀÂ_¨ä¦]ªG¡A¦Ó¬O¦b¹CÀ¸»²¾É¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¶Ç»¼¯u审B±µ¯Ç©M¦P²z¤ß¡]empathy¡^ªº«H®§¡]Landreth, 1991¡^¡AÅý¤pªB¤Í¦b·P¨ì¦w¥þªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¡A¬yÅS¦Û¤v¯u¹êªº±¡·P¡]¤£½×¬O´d¶Ë¡B¼««ã¡B³ß®®¡^¡C¦Ó¤pªB¤Í¦b¹CÀ¸«Ç¤ºªº©Ò¦³¨M©w¡]ª±¦óºØª±¨ã©Î¹CÀ¸¡B¬O§_»P¦Ñ®v¹ï¸Üµ¥µ¥¡^¥D­n¬O¥Ñ¤pªB¤Í§@¥D¾É¡A»²¾É¦Ñ®v¥u·|¦b¤@¨Ç¥²­nªº±¡ªp¤U¡]¨Ò¦p¡G§âª±¨ã±aÂ÷¹CÀ¸«Ç¡B¶i¦æ¦MÀI°Ê§@µ¥¡^¡A¤~·|§@¥X¤@¨Ç­­¨î¡C»²¾É¦Ñ®v¦b¤pªB¤Í¹CÀ¸®É¡A·|¥Î¥¿­±ªºµü¥y¡A¶Ç»¼¤@¨Ç¼W±j¦Û«H¤ßªº¦^À³¡A±q¦Ó¥[±j¤pªB¤Í¹ï¦Û¤vªº¥¿­±¬Ýªk¡A»{ÃѦۤvªº¯à¤O©Ò¦b¡A¥HÀ³¥I¥Í¬¡¤WµL¥iÁקKªºÃøÃö¡C

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Papalia, D. & Olds, S.¡]­ìµÛ¡^¡A¶À¼z¯uĶ¡]1994¡^¡C¡m¨àµ£µo®i¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¤½¥q¡C
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