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¡@¡@¦Û±q1998¦~®L©u¥»¤H¦b»´ä«°¥«¤j¾Ç¶}©lÁ|¿ì¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªº°V½m½Òµ{¥H¨Ó¡A¹ï¶H¤@ª½¬OªÀ·|ªA°È¾÷ºc¤ºªº»²¾É¤Hû¡A¤µ¦¸¯à¦V¤p¾Ç¦Ñ®v̱À¤¶³o»²¾Éªk¡A§Úı±o¬O¤@¥ó¬ü¨Æ¡C
¡@¡@¦b¤À¨É¬°¬Æ»ò¯à¦V¤p¾Ç¦Ñ®v̱À¤¶¹CÀ¸ªvÀø¬O¤@¥ó¬ü¨Æ¤§«e¡A¥»¤H¥ý¹ï¹CÀ¸ªvÀø¡A§@Ó²¤¶¡C
¹CÀ¸ªvÀø²¤¶
¡@¡@¹CÀ¸ªvÀø¡A¬O¤@Ó³z¹L¹CÀ¸À°§U¦³±¡ºü¤Î¦æ¬°§xÃøªº¨àµ£ªº»²¾Éªk¡C³oӨൣ»²¾Éªk¡A¦b¤G¹s¦Ü¤T¹s¦~¥N¡A¶}©l¦b¦è¤è°ê®a¿³°_¡C¹L¥h´X¤Q¦~¡AÀHµÛ¦U¬£¤ß²zªvÀø²z½×ªº¿³°_¡A¦UºØ¤£¦P¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¬ÛÄ~µo®i¡A¨ä¤¤¥H¨È·æÄõ¡]Axline,
1947¡^³Ð¥ßªº¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk³Ì¬°´¶¤Î¡]Guerney, 1991¡^¡C¦b¤»¹s¤Î¤C¹s¦~¥N¡A°£±M·~»²¾É¤Hû¥~¡A®aªø¤Î¨ä¥L¨àµ£¤u§@ªÌ¡A¨Ò¦p±Ð®v¡A¤w´¶¹M¨Ï¥Î¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¡]Guerney,
1964¡FGuerney & Flumen, 1970¡^¡C
¡@¡@²³¦h¬ã¨sµ²ªG¦¤wÃÒ¹ê¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªkªº®Ä¥Î¡C¹ï©ó¦hºØ¨àµ£¦æ¬°»Ùê¡A¨Ò¦p¹L¥÷°hÁY¡B«q°f¡B¼É¤O¶É¦Vµ¥¡A³o»²¾Éªk¯à²£¥ÍÅãµÛÀø®Ä¡F¹ï©ó±¹ï¤÷¥ÀÂ÷²§¡B¦º¤`¡B§Ì©f¥X¥Í¡B¾Ç²ß¾AÀ³°ÝÃD¡B¤ÎªÀ¥æ§xÃøµ¥À£¤Oªº¨àµ£¡A³o»²¾Éªk¥ç¥i´£¨Ñ«Ü±j¤jªº¤ä´©¡]Axline,
1947 & 1969¡F Moustakas, 1953¡^¡C¦Ü©ó®aªø¤Î±Ð®v¹B¥Î³o»²¾ÉªkªºªG®Ä¡A¦P¼Ë±o¨ì¬ã¨sµ²ªGªºªÖ©w¡]Chau
& Landreth, 1997¡FGuerney, 1964¡FGuerney & Flumen,
1970¡FWall, 1979¡^¡C
±Ð®v»{ÃѩαÀ¦æ¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªkªº·N¸q
¡@¡@¥»´äªñ¨â¤T¦~¶¡¡AÀHµÛ°V½m½Òµ{ªº¥X²{¡A¦³¸û¦h»²¾É¤Hû¶}©l¹B¥Î¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¡C¦Ü©ó¥¿¦¡µ¹±Ð®vªº°V½m¡A³oºâ¬O²Ä¤@¦¸¡CÁöµM»²¾É¤£¬O¤@¯ë±Ð®vªº¥Dn¤u§@¡A¤£¹L¡A±Ð®v¯à»{ÃѩαÀ¦æ¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¡A¬O¤@¥ó«Ü¦³·N¸qªº¨Æ±¡¡C¤U¤å¹Á¸Õ´N´X¤è±¡G±Ð®v±µÄ²¦³»Ýn»²¾Éªº¨àµ£¡B¹CÀ¸ªºÀø®Ä¡B¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªkªºn¸qµ¥¡A³v¤@°Q½×¡C
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¹CÀ¸Åý¨àµ£ªí¹F¦Û¤v¡B¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¾A¦X§C¦~¯Å¨àµ£
¡@¡@¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªº¹ï¶H¡A¬O¤j¬ù¤T¦Ü¤Q·³ªº¨àµ£¡C³o¶¥¬qªº¨àµ£¦~¬ö©|¤p¡A»y¨¥µo®i¦³¡A¤£¯à¥Î»y¨¥§¹¥þªí¹F¦Û¤v¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦¨¤H¦V¨àµ£ªí¥ÜÃö¤ß¡A·Q¶i¤@¨B¤F¸Ñ¨àµ£¤º¤ß¥@¬Éªº®ÉÔ¡A©¹©¹·P¨ì§xÃø««¡C¦b¶É½Í¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¨àµ£¤£³æ¤£¯àºZ¶¶ªº¦^µª¦¨¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A§ó·|³Q¦¨¤Hªº°ÝÃDÀ~©È¡C¦pªG³s°ò¥»ªº·¾³q³£µLªk¶i¦æ¡A§ó¹N½×¬°¨àµ£¶i¦æ»²¾É¡Cn»P³o¨Ç¨àµ£·¾³q¡A»ÝnÅý¥L̦³¹CÀ¸ªº¾÷·|¡C¹CÀ¸¬O¨àµ£ªº»y¨¥¡F¦b¹CÀ¸¤¤¡A¨àµ£¯à°÷¦Û¥ÑºZ§Ö¦a§â¤º¤ß¥@¬É¨ãÅé¦aªí¹F¥X¨Ó¡A±a¨ÓªvÀø®ÄªG¡]Landerth,
1982¡^¡C¨È·æÄõ(Axline, 1969)«ü¥X¡A·í¨àµ£¥R¤Àªí¹F¥¿t±·P¨ü¡B§xÂZ¡B³Ð¶Ëµ¥ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤º¤ß§íÀ£ªº±¡ºü«K±o¨ìµÎ¬ª¡B§íÆ{±o¥H¤Æ¸Ñ¡B¦Û«H¥ç«·s«Ø¥ß¡C¦pªG¦Ñ®v»{ÃѹCÀ¸ªvÀøªk¡A«K¥i§Q¥Î¹CÀ¸À°§U¨àµ£¥R¤Àªí¹F¦Û¤v¡AÅý¥L̵θѱ¡ºü¡B«Ø¥ß¦Û«H¡B°·±d¦a¦¨ªø¡C |
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2.
¹CÀ¸»´ÃP´r§Öªº¥»½è¡A¦³§U¨àµ£µÎ´î¾Ç²ßÀ£¤O
¡@¡@¾Ç²ßªº¹Lµ{¡A¦³´r§Öº¡¨¬ªº®ÉÔ¡C¦ýÁc«ªº¥\½Ò¡B¹L¦hªº´úÅç¦Ò¸Õ¡A«o¬°»´äªº¨àµ£±a¨Ó¤£¤ÖÀ£¤O¡C¦³¨Ç¨àµ£¡A¦]¦¹¥¢¥hì¨Ó¾Ç²ßªº¿³½ì¡A¬Æ¦Ü·P¨ì¤W¾Ç¬O¤@¥óW®t¨Æ¡AµLªk¨É¨ü¾Ç®Õªº¥Í¬¡¡CnÀ°§U¨àµ£µÎ´îÀ£¤O¡A¹CÀ¸¬O¤@ӫܦnªº¤èªk¡C¦]¬°¹CÀ¸¥»½è¤W¬O»´ÃP´r§Öªº¡A¯à±aµ¹¨àµ£Åw¼Ö¡A¥¿Åt±ªº±¡ºü¡]Schaefer,
1993)¡C¦pªG¦Ñ®v¯à¬°¨àµ£´£¨Ñ¹CÀ¸ªº¾÷·|¡A¨àµ£¤£³æ¥i¥H¦³¤@³Ý®§ªº¾÷·|¤ÎµÎ½wªºªÅ¶¡¡A¬Æ¦Ü¥i¯à¦]¦¹§ïÅÜ·P¨ü¡A¹ï¾Ç®Õ²£¥Í¥¿±ªº·Pı¡C¤@¨Ç¦Ñ®vÌ¡A¦b³oÓ¹CÀ¸ªvÀø°V½m½Òµ{«á¡A¤À¨É¥L̦b¹CÀ¸ªvÀø®×¨Ò¤¤ªº¸gÅç¡G¤£¤Ö¨àµ£¡A±µ¨ü¹CÀ¸»²¾É«á¡A¸û§ë¤J¾Ç®Õªº¥Í¬¡¡F¥ç¦³¤£¤Ö¨àµ£¡A¨C¨ì¹CÀ¸ªvÀø·í¤é¡A«KÅã±o«Ü°ª¿³¡B¯S§O¿n·¥ªº¤W¾Ç¡C |
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1.
¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªº¨àµ£Æ[¡A¬°®v¥ÍÃö«Y±a¨Ó·s§Æ±æ |
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i.»{¬°¨àµ£°¾®t¦æ¬°ªºI«á¡A³£Âõۥ¼º¡¨¬ªº°ò¥»¤ß²z±¡ºü»Ýn
¡@¡@¦Ñ®v¦b±Ð¾Ç¹Lµ{¤¤¡A°£¤F¶Ç±Âª¾ÃѤ§¥~¡A¤SnÀ³¥I²³¦h¾Ç¥Íªº»Ýn¡AÁÙnºû«ù¯Z©Ð¯´§Ç¡C¦bÁc«ªº¤u§@¤U¡A¦Ñ®v¹J¤W¾Ç¥Í°¾®t¦æ¬°¡A¨Ò¦p¤£¦X§@¡B¤Ï«qµ¥¡A«K®e©ö·P¨ìµL§U¡B¬Æ¦Üı±o¾Ç¥Í¦b¬D¾Ô¦Û¤vªºÅv«Â©Î¹ï¦Û¤v¯Ê¥F´L«ªººA«×¡C¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªº²z½×»{¬°¨àµ£ªº°¾®t¦æ¬°ªºI«áì¦]¡A¬O¤ß²z±¡ºü¤Wªº»Ýn¡]Axline,
1969¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¦w¥þ·P¡B·R¡BÂkÄÝ·P¡B¦Û´Lµ¥µ¥¡A¥¼Àòº¡¨¬¡C³oÓ²z½×±j½Õn¤F¸Ñ¤Î¬}±x¨àµ£¦æ¬°I«áªº±¡ºü»Ýn¡C¦pªG¦Ñ®v±¹ï°¾®t¦æ¬°ªº®ÉÔ¡A±Ä¯Ç³oªvÀøªkªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤£³æ¯à¥[²`¤F¸Ñ¦³¦æ¬°»Ùꪺ¨àµ£¤ßÆF¤W¯Ü®zªº¦a¤è¡A§ó¥i§â¦Û¤vªº¨¤¦â½Õ¾ã¡G±q©è¿m¨àµ£ªº¬D¾ÔÅܧ@¬°¨àµ£´£¨Ñ±¡ºü¤ä´©¡B¹ªÀy¡B¤Î·RÅ@¡A±q¦Ó§âÂù¤èªºÃö«Y¥Ñ¤¬¬Û¹ï¥ßÅܬ°¥i¥HÅý¨àµ£¦w¥þ¦aʿ઺Ãö«Y¡C |
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ii.±j½Õ¨àµ£ªº¯à¤O»PÀuÂI
¡@¡@¦Ñ®v¨ä¤¤¤§¤@ªº¨¤¦â¡A¬Onµ¹¾Ç¥ÍÄé¿é·sªºª¾ÃÑ¡AÀ°§U¥Ḻq¡u¤£À´¡vªº¶¥¬qµo®i¦Ü¡uÀ´¡vªº¶¥¬q¡C¦b³o¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¦Ñ®v¦b©ÒÃø§Kn«ü¥X¾Ç¥Íªº¿ù»~¡A¨Ò¦p°éµÛ§@·~¤¤ªº¿ù§O¦r¡B§ó¥¿¾Ç¥ÍªºÅªµµ¥¡C¦ý³o¨Ç¤èªk¡A©¹©¹¨Ï¨àµ£¤£¦Ûı¦a§âµÛ²´ÂI©ñ¦b¦Û¤vªº®zÂI¤¤¡A¼vÅT¦Û«H¡C¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªk±j½Õ»²¾Éû¥²¶·¥Î¥¿±ªº¨¤«×¬Ý¨àµ£ªº¦æ¬°°Ê¾÷¡B¯à¤O¡B¤Î¼ç½è¡A¨Ã«ù¦u¤@®M¹ï¨àµ£ªº«H©À¡C³o®M«H©À¡A¥]¬A¬Û«H¨àµ£¥Í¨Ó¬O³ßÅw¥¿±¦æ¬°¤Î¼Ö©ó¦¨ªøªº¡B¨àµ£¦³¤Þ¾É¦Û¤v´ÂµÛ¦¨¼ô¤è¦V¶iµoªº¯à¤O¡F¨Ã¥B¡A¦pªG¥LÌ°ò¥»¤ß²z±¡ºü»ÝnÀò±oº¡¨¬¡A¥L̯à°÷§â´¤Àô¹Ò©Òµ¹¤©ªº¾÷·|¤Î±ø¥ó¡A¸Ñ¨M¦Û¤v¤º¤ßªºW´oµ¥µ¥¡]Landreth,
1991¡^¡C³o¨Ç¬Ýªk¡A¥¿¦n¥Î¨Ó¥¿Å¨àµ£¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{¤¤©Ò±oªºt±¦^õX¡C¦pªG¦Ñ®v±Ä¯Ç³o¨Ç¹ï¨àµ£ªº«H©À¡A«K¥i¥H³z¹L»P¨àµ£ªº¬Û³B¡AÀ°§U¨àµ£¥Î¥¿±¨¤«×¬Ý¦Û¤v¡B«Ø¥ß¨ä¥¿±¦Û§Ú·§©À¤Î¦Û«H¤ß¡Aµo®i°·±dªº¤H®æ¡C
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2.
¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªk¤¤»P¨àµ£«Ø¥ßªºÃö«Y¡A¬°¨àµ£±a¨Ó·s¸gÅç
¡@¡@¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªk±j½Õ»²¾Éû¥²¶·»P¨àµ£«Ø¥ß¨ãªvÀø©ÊªºÃö«Y¡C³o¥÷Ãö«Y¬OªvÀøªººëµÑ¡B¥ç¬O¤Þµo¨àµ£ÂàÅܤÎÁÚ¦V¦¨ªøªº°Ê¤O¡C³o¥÷Ãö«Yªººë¯«¦b©ó»²¾Éû«ù¦uþÓ¹ï¨àµ£ªº«H©À¡A§V¤O¤F¸Ñ¤Î»{¦P¨àµ£ªº·P¨ü¡B±µ¯Ç¨àµ£ªº¨î¡B¬Ãµø¨àµ£§@¬°¤Hªº»ùÈ¡B¨Ã¥Î¯u¸ÛªººA«×µ¹¤©¨àµ£ÃöÃhµ¥µ¥¡]Rogers,
1961¡^¡C·í»²¾Éû¹B¥Î³o¨ÇºA«×»P¨àµ£¬Û³B®É¡A«K¯à§â¤ß²z±¡ºü¾i¥÷¶Ç»¼µ¹¨àµ£¡AÅý¨àµ£«·s¸gÅç¤@¥÷¥i«H¿àªºÃö«Y¡A±q¤¤·P¨ì³Q¤F¸Ñ¡B·RÅ@¡B¤Î´L«¡A¦Ó²£¥Í·Å·x¡B¦w¥þ·P¡B¤Î¹ï¤Hªº«H¥ô¡C´¿¦³ªì¤pªº¨àµ£¡A¦b¹CÀ¸»²¾É¤¤¸gÅç³o¥÷Ãö«Y«á¡A¨C¦¸¹J¨£»²¾É¥Lªº¦Ñ®v¡A³£¥D°Êªº¤W«e©ìþӦѮvªº¤â¡A¥i¨£¤p«Ä¤l¦p¦óªº¨É¨ü³o¥÷Ãö«Y¡B¤]¥i¨£¤p«Ä¤l¦bªvÀø¤¤©Ò±oªº¦w¥þ·P¤Î¹ï¤Hªº«H¥ô¡Aº¥º¥©µ®i¦Ü»²¾É«Ç¥H¥~ªº¥Í¬¡¸gÅ礤¡C |
¡@¡@²{¤µªÀ·|½ÆÂø¡B®a®x¥\¯à¯Ü®z¡B±B«ÃÃö«Y¦hÅÜ¡A¤ßÆF¨ü³Ð¶Ë¦Ó»Ý±¡½Ñ¤ä´©ªº¨àµ£¡A¬°¼Æ¹ê¦b¤£¤Ö¡C¤p¾Çªº»²¾É¦Ñ®v¡A¤j¥i¦h¹B¥Î¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¡AÀ°§U¦³»Ýnªº¨àµ£¡C¦Ü©ó¨ä¥L±Ð®v¡A¦p¯à¿ï¾Ü¤Ö¶q¦³¯S§O»Ýnªº¨àµ£¡A´À¥L̶i¦æ¹CÀ¸»²¾É¡A¬O«ÜÃø¯à¥i¶Qªº¡C¦pªG¨ü®É¶¡©Ò¡A¤£¯à¬°¨àµ£¶i¦æ¥ô¦ó½Ò¥~»²¾É¡A±Ð®v¤]¥i§â¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªkªº²z©À¡A¨Ò¦p¨àµ£Æ[¡B¤Î»P¨àµ£¬Û³BªººA«×»Pì«hµ¥¡A·»¤J±Ð¾Ç¥Í¬¡¤¤¡C´¿¦³±Ð®v¦³¦p¤Uªº¿Ë¨¸gÅç¡G±Ð®v¦b½Ò°ó¤¤¹Á¸Õ¦h¯d·N¨Ã¦^À³¾Ç¥Íªº·P¨ü¡Aµ²ªG¡A¾Ç¥Į́ɨü¦Ñ®v¹ï¦Û¤wªº¤F¸Ñ¡B»P¦Ñ®v«Ø¥ß¤F¤@¥÷¸û±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡B¨Ã¥Bº¥º¥¶}©l¥Î¤ßÆF»P¦Ñ®v¬Û³B¡A·í¥L̪¾¹D¾Ç¥Í¤í¥æ¥\½Ò¨Ï¦Ñ®v¦p¦óW´o«á¡A¥þ¯Z¦P¾Ç³ºµM¬°¦¹¥æ»ô¥\½Ò¡C
¡@¡@¤Wz³oÓ¯u¹êªº®×¨Ò±a¥X´XÂI«nªº±Ò¥Ü¡Cº¥ý¡A¨àµ£¬°¥»ªvÀøªk¤¤¨º¥÷¨ãªvÀø©ÊªºÃö«Y¯à°÷¦¨¬°¨àµ£¤º¦bªº°Ê¤O¡A§ïÅܨൣªº¤£¨}ºA«×¤Î¦æ¬°¡F¨ä¼vÅT¤O¡A¬Æ¦Ü»·¶W¤@¨Ç¦³§Îªº³W±ø¡F¨ä¦¸¡A³o¥÷Ãö«Y¤¤¨ãªvÀø©Êªº³¡¥÷¨Ã«D¨Ó¦ÛÅv¤O©M«ÂÄY¡A¦ý«o¨Ó¦Û¹ï¨àµ£¤º¤ß¥@¬Éªº¤F¸Ñ¡B¹ï¨àµ£ªº´L«¡B¤Î¦¨¤H¯u¸ÛªººA«×¡F³Ì«á¡A³o¥÷Ãö«Y¨Ã¤£«]¦b»²¾É«Ç©Î¹CÀ¸ªvÀø¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]¯à©µ¦ù¨ì½Ò«Ç¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦b±Ð®v»P¨àµ£¥¤é¬Û³Bªº¥ô¦óÀô¸`¤¤¡C
¡@¡@¨àµ£¬°¥»¹CÀ¸ªvÀøªk¹ï¨àµ£¬J¦³³o»ò¤jªºÀø®Ä¡AµL½×±Ð®v»{ÃѩιB¥Î³o»²¾Éªk¡A³£¥i¥H¦¨¬°¨àµ£¦³¤Oªº¤ä´©¡A¦]¦¹³£¬O¤@¥ó¬ü¨Æ¡C
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡G
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